The rolling of steel involves the passage of material, commonly referred to as rolling stock, between two rolls driven in opposite directions at the same peripheral speed, and the distance between them is slightly less than the thickness of the steel section entering them.
Under these conditions, the thickness of the rollers to grip and transport the material decreases, the length increases, and the width may increase. This is one of the most widely used of all metal forming processes due to its higher productivity, tighter control of rolled products and lower operating costs.
Rolling is capable of producing a product with a constant cross-section over its entire length. Many shapes and sections can be rolled by the rolling process.
Rolling of steel is a metal forming process for plastic deformation of steel. Plastic deformation is caused by the compressive force applied by the rotating rollers. The high compressive stress is due to friction between the roll and the steel surface. The steel is squeezed between a pair of rolls installed in the roll stand, and as a result, the thickness of the rolled steel decreases and the length increases.
Section steel is generally rolled in multiple passes, and the pass number is determined by the ratio of the initial input material to the final cross-section of the finished product. The cross-sectional area of each pass and form decreases, and the size of the rolled stock gradually approaches the desired profile.
Due to the requirement of large deformation, rolling is mostly carried out at high temperature, which is called hot rolling. Hot rolling produces rolled products that are generally free of residual stress. However, scaling is a major problem during hot rolling, so it is difficult to maintain dimensional accuracy.
The final dimensional quality of the rolled product is determined by the rolling stands within the finishing mill. The dimensional accuracy of the final product depends on many factors, including initial stock size, roll pass, temperature, microstructure, roll surface quality, roll and stand stiffness, and stock/roll friction conditions.
A rolling mill is where the rolling of steel takes place. It consists of one or more rolling mill stands and some auxiliary equipment in which auxiliary operations related to steel rolling are performed. Steel rolling in small and medium-sized mills is generally carried out in off-road mills.
The rolling mill is called a cross-country rolling mill because of the arrangement of the roll stands. In these rolling mills, the centerlines of the rolling stands are parallel to each other, and the material to be rolled moves perpendicular to the rolling direction. Transfer tables and slide tables are used in these mills to reverse the direction of travel of workpieces and transfer them from one set of mill stands to another.
One of the characteristics of off-road rolling mills is that the workpiece must be short enough that one piece can leave the mill stand before another can be transferred to it.
Broadly speaking, a rolling mill consists of a set of rolling mill stands and a series of equipment that performs rolling and auxiliary operations. The material to be rolled is conveyed from the billet to a reheating furnace where it is heated to the rolling temperature.
The different operations carried out in the rolling mill include
The heated steel is rolled in a rolling mill.
Transfer the material being rolled from one mill stand to another.
Turning or twisting and shearing some mill material.
Rolled steel transport.
The rolled material is cooled on the cooling bed of some rolling mills.
Cutting, marking or stamping of rolled products.
Trimming, packing and shipping to finished goods inventory.
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